EMTO_Lifespan

An infant’s blood pressure typically increases with age because:

the infant's total blood volume decreases with age.
his or her normal heart rate usually increases with age.
as the infant gets older, his or her blood vessels dilate.
blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight.

You are dispatched to a call for a 4-month-old infant with respiratory distress. While you prepare to take care of this child, you must remember that:

small infants are nose breathers and require clear nasal passages at all times.
assisted ventilations in infants often need to be forceful to inflate their lungs.
the infant's proportionately small tongue often causes an airway obstruction.
an infant's head should be placed in a flexed position to prevent obstruction.

Infants are often referred to as “belly breathers” because:

their rib cage is less rigid and the ribs sit horizontally.
an infant's ribs are brittle and are less able to expand.
their intercostal muscles are not functional.
their diaphragm does not receive impulses from the brain.

Which of the following is an anatomic difference between children and adults?

The ribcage of an infant is less flexible than an adult's.
An infant's tongue is proportionately larger than an adult's.
The trachea of an infant is proportionately longer than an adult's.
An infant's head accounts for less body weight than an adult's.

An infant or small child’s airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because:

the back of the head is flat, which prevents a neutral position.
he or she has a long neck, which makes the trachea prone to collapse.
the occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible.
the tongue is proportionately small and can fall back into the throat.

Which of the following describes the Moro reflex?

When something touches a neonate's cheek, he or she instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch.
The neonate opens his or her arms wide, spreads his or her fingers, and seems to grasp at something after being startled.
An infant's heart rate decreases secondary to hypoxia because he or she depends heavily on the heart rate to perfuse the body.
When the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object, the big toe lifts upward and the other toes fan outward.

The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:

3 and 4 months.
6 and 8 months.
7 and 14 months.
9 and 18 months.

You are assessing a 13-month-old female who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination on this child, you will MOST likely find that she:

is unable to track your movements with her eyes.
responds to her name but is fearful of your presence.
will readily allow you to separate her from her mother.
has bulging fontanelles secondary to severe dehydration.

Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant?

places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up
knows his or her name, can walk without any assistance
responds to his or her name, crawls around efficiently
walks without help, becomes frustrated with restrictions

In contrast to secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment occurs when a child:

becomes acutely anxious at the presence of strangers or in unfamiliar surroundings.
clings to a parent or caregiver because he or she knows that the person can be trusted.
shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.
reaches out and explores because he or she knows that the parents are there as a safety net.

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?

6 to 8 months
10 to 18 months
18 to 24 months
24 to 36 months

An infant or small toddler would MOST likely gain trust in an individual who:

provides an organized, routine environment.
maintains eye contact, even if the person is a stranger.
frequently changes the infant or toddler's regular routine.
does not tower over him or her and avoids painful procedures.

The pulse rate of a child from ages 6 to 12 years is approximately:

60 to 100 beats/min.
70 to 120 beats/min.
90 to 140 beats/min.
100 to 150 beats/min.

In preconventional reasoning, children:

make decisions based on their conscience.
look for approval from their peers and society.
act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want.
blame their actions on what they have observed in older children.

Which of the following is a physical change that typically occurs in the adolescent age group?

Secondary sexual development begins.
Muscle and bone growth both decrease.
The normal pulse rate steadily increases.
The systolic blood pressure decreases.

A 16-year-old female complains of vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping that began several hours ago. During your assessment interview, you should:

obtain the majority of your information from one of her parents.
inquire about the possibility of pregnancy in private, if possible.
avoid asking questions that she will feel uncomfortable answering.
recall that patients in this age group prefer not to be treated as adults.

Which of the following statements regarding psychosocial development in the adolescent age group is correct?

Antisocial behavior and peer pressure peak around 14 to 16 years of age.
Family conflict decreases as the adolescent gains control of his or her life.
Adolescents are less fixated on their public image than younger children.
Because they think rationally, adolescents are at the lowest risk for suicide.

The human body should be functioning at its optimal level between the ages of:

18 and 22 years.
19 and 25 years.
21 and 30 years.
25 and 35 years.

The low normal systolic blood pressure for a 30-year-old is:

60 mm Hg.
70 mm Hg.
80 mm Hg.
90 mm Hg.

Physical changes that typically occur in early adults include an:

increase in muscle strength and reflexes.
increase in height because of spinal disc expansion.
increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.
increase in respiratory rate due to increased metabolism.

The average pulse rate of individuals between 19 and 60 years of age is typically:

60 beats/min.
70 beats/min.
80 beats/min.
90 beats/min.

Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct?

Cardiovascular health becomes an issue in this age group, as does the greater incidence of cancer.
Women in the middle adult age group typically experience menopause in their late 50s or early 60s.
Significant impairments in hearing and vision begin to occur in persons between the ages of 41 and 44 years.
Increased cholesterol levels in the middle adult age group often do not respond to exercise and diet.

Why do middle adults commonly experience financial concerns?

They are typically receiving social security and must budget with a fixed income.
Most people in the middle adult age group have chronic illnesses and cannot work.
They are preparing for retirement but must still manage everyday financial demands.
The majority of middle adults still have small children that live at home with them.

At present, the average life expectancy is ________ years, while the maximum life expectancy is estimated at ________ years.

68, 100
70, 102
72, 110
78, 120

The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is MOST often related to:

hypotension.
medication use.
kidney failure.
atherosclerosis.

With increasing age, the heart must work harder to move the blood effectively because:

the blood vessels become stiff.
the arteries dilate significantly.
diastolic blood pressure decreases.
the blood thickens as a person ages.

When assessing an 80-year-old patient in shock, it is important to remember that:

it is common to see a more significant increase in heart rate than what would be expected in younger adults.
age-related changes in the cardiovascular system may make the patient less able to compensate for decreased perfusion.
the patient's cardiac output is able to increase by nearly 200% in response to the decrease in perfusion.
in older adults, it is especially common to observe a significant decrease in heart rate in response to shock.

Breathing is often more labor intensive in older adults because the:

elasticity of the lungs decreases.
surface area of the alveoli increases.
overall size of the airway decreases.
diaphragm and intercostal muscles enlarge.

Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a loss of respiratory muscle mass.
increased stiffness of the thoracic cage.
decreased residual volume.
increased surface area available for air exchange.

In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:

remains unchanged because the lungs have become accustomed to years of breathing pollution.
decreases, resulting in widespread collapsing of the alveoli and impaired diffusion of gases.
increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.
decreases, which increases diffusion in the lungs and causes an accumulation of carbon dioxide.

Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?

decreased food intake, decreased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels
decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production
increased physical activity, increased food intake, and increased insulin production
decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels

Age-related changes in the renal system result in:

a significant increase in filtration, which causes the excretion of large amounts of water from the body.
a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed.
the formation of large amounts of urine secondary to an increase in kidney mass of up to 20%.
dilation of the blood vessels that supply the nephrons, which allows the kidneys to maintain their function.

Which of the following statements regarding age-related changes in the nervous system is correct?

Interconnections between brain cells often prevent a loss of knowledge or skill, despite a loss of neurons.
The metabolic rate in the brain increases with age, but the consumption of oxygen decreases significantly.
Generally speaking, the brain increases in size by 10% to 20% by the time a person reaches 80 years of age.
Because of a decrease in the number of brain cells, a person's level of intelligence decreases with age.

The risk of bleeding in the skull, which increases with age, is MOST directly related to:

blood vessel dilation.
a decrease in neurons.
meningeal deterioration.
shrinkage of the brain.

When communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that:

deafness and blindness are a normal part of the process of aging.
most older patients are confused due to a decrease in brain cells.
age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.
the majority of older patients experience a loss of low-frequency hearing.

According to the terminal drop hypothesis:

a person's physical health begins to decline after the age of 75 years.
most late-stage adults retain high brain function until 1 month before death.
most elderly patients experience depression after the death of a loved one.
mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death.

EMTO_Lifespan

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